Why do women earn less than men throughout their lives? An assessment based on National Transfer Accounts

Men earn more from labour than they consume between the ages of 24 and 53, while women practically never do. In old age the deficit is 10.2% for men and 24% for women, largely because women live longer. Women's per capita income is 71.5% of men's, and their wage income 74.4%. In 2019 the gender pay gap was 14.1%, reaching 42.9% in finance and insurance.

Employment among parents is much lower for women: 41% in urban areas against 76.2% for men, and 39.4% in rural areas against 62.5%. Women make up 57.3% of the inactive population, and 95.7% of homemakers are women. Men make larger private transfers and contribute more to public transfers, but women are net recipients of public transfers for about 11 more years. The recommendations include combating gender stereotypes, family-friendly policies, closing pay gaps, gender quotas, easier return to work after childcare leave and expanded pre-school services.